Microscope assisted anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the treatment of single segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the efficacy of microscope assisted anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with conventional surgical approach in the treatment of single-segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 89 patients with single-segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated from March 2015 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 55 males and 34 females, with an average of (52.00±11.36) years old. Among the patients, 34 cases were treated with conventional anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (conventional group), including C@*RESULTS@#Intraoperative blood loss and hospital stay in microscope group were less than those in conventional group (@*CONCLUSION@#Both methods can achieve satisfactory effect in treating single-segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy. However, microscope-assisted anterior cervical discectomy and fusion has advantages of clear vision, less bleeding and fewer intraoperative complications.

Comparison of the anterior and posterior approach in treating four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#The optimal surgical approach for four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes and complications between the anterior and posterior approaches for four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy.@*METHODS@#A total of 19 patients underwent anterior decompression and fusion and 25 patients underwent posterior laminoplasty and instrumentation in this study. Perioperative information, intraoperative blood loss, clinical and radiological outcomes, and complications were recorded. Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, 36-item short form survey (SF-36) score and cervical alignment were assessed.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in JOA scores between the anterior and posterior group preoperatively (11.6 ± 1.6 vs. 12.1 ± 1.5), immediately postoperatively (14.4 ± 1.1 vs. 13.8 ± 1.3), or at the last follow-up (14.6 ± 1.0 vs. 14.2 ± 1.1) (P > 0.05). The JOA scores significantly improved immediately postoperatively and at the last follow-up in both groups compared with their preoperative values. The recovery rate was significantly higher in the anterior group both immediately postoperatively and at the last follow-up. The SF-36 score was significantly higher in the anterior group at the last follow-up compared with the preoperative value (69.4 vs. 61.7). Imaging revealed that there was no significant difference in the Cobb angle at C2-C7 between the two groups preoperatively (-2.0° ± 7.3° vs. -1.4° ± 7.5°). The Cobb angle significantly improved immediately postoperatively (12.3° ± 4.2° vs. 9.2° ± 3.6°) and at the last follow-up (12.4° ± 3.5° vs. 9.0° ± 2.6°) in both groups compared with their preoperative values (P = 0.00). Three patients had temporary dysphagia in the anterior group and four patients had persistent axial symptoms in the posterior group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Both the anterior and posterior approaches were effective in treating four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy in terms of neurological clinical outcomes and radiological features. However, the JOA score recovery rate and SF-36 score in the anterior group were significantly higher. Persistent axial pain could be a major concern when undertaking the posterior approach.

Discectomía, artrodesis intersomática y estabilización en mielopatía espondilótica cervical. Presentación de un caso / Discectomy, artrodesis and stabilization in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Presentation of a case

RESUMEN Las alteraciones degenerativas de la columna se engloban en el término de espondilosis cervical. La mielopatía espondilótica cervical (MEC) es la forma más común de disfunción del cordón espinal en mayores de 55 años. Se considera la intervención quirúrgica en la mayoría de los casos de mielopatía cervical espondilótica evidente desde el punto de vista clínico, dado el riesgo de deterioro neurológico. En la mayoría de los casos de mielopatía cervical, la descompresión de la médula espinal genera estabilización o mejoría de la función de los haces largos medulares. La función es mejor cuando se restablecen bien las dimensiones del conducto vertebral después de la descompresión, cuando la descompresión es más precoz y cuando no hay comorbilidad considerable.

ABSTRACT The degenerative alterations of the column are included in the term of cervical espondilosis. The cervical spondylotic myelopathy it is the form more common of disfuntion of the spinal cord in bigger than 55 years. It is considered the surgical intervention in most of the cases of cervical spondylotic myelopathy evident from the clinical, given point of view the risk of neurological deterioration. In most of the cases of cervical myelopathy, the decompression of the spinal marrow generates stabilization or improvement of the function of the medullary long sheaves. The function is better when they recover well the dimensions of the vertebral conduit after the decompression, when the decompression is more precocious and when there is not considerable comorbility.

Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation­Case Report

Idiopathic spinal cord herniation is a rare cause of progressivemyelopathy, especially in the absence of a history of spinal or surgical trauma. The radiological diagnosis ismade through a myelography or an MRI exam. The spinal cord is pushed anteriorly, buffering the dural defect and leading inmost cases to Brown-Séquard syndrome. The present study describes the case of a male patient with a clinical picture of progressive thoracicmyelopathy. In the clinical and radiological investigation, an idiopathic spinal cord herniation on the chest level was identified. During the surgery, the spinal cord was reduced to the natural site, taking its usual elliptical shape, and the dural defect was repaired with a dural substitute. The numbness of the patient improved, and the shocks in the lower limbs disappeared. A postoperative MRI confirmed the surgical reduction of the herniation and the restoration of the anterior cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) column to the spinal cord. The authors describe the clinical, radiological, intraoperative, and postoperative evolution.

Foix-Alajouanine syndrome mimicking a spinal cord tumor / Síndrome de Foix-Alajouanine simulando um tumor intramedular espinal

Summary Subacute necrotizing myelopathy (SNM) or Foix-Alajouanine syndrome is a rare disease characterized by progressive neurological dysfunction caused by a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Radiological diagnosis is usually suspected when there is intramedullary nonspecific enhancement and perimedullary flow voids. Ring-enhancement is rarely reported in the scope of AVF, which poses a diagnostic challenge and raises the suspicion of a spinal cord tumor. In such situations, biopsy can be required and delay proper diagnosis. We report the case of a patient with SNM, who underwent biopsy on the assumption of it being a spinal cord tumor.

Resumo Mielopatia necrotizante subaguda (MNS) ou síndrome de Foix-Alajouanine é uma doença rara que se caracteriza por disfunção neurológica progressiva causada por uma fístula arteriovenosa espinal dural. O diagnóstico radiológico é comumente suspeitado quando aparece captação não específica de contraste e de artefatos de fluxo (flow voids) perimedulares. Raramente, a captação de contraste exibe o aspecto em anel, constituindo um grande desafio diagnóstico. Nesses casos, o principal diagnóstico diferencial é um tumor intramedular, e os pacientes são encaminhados para biópsia da lesão, atrasando o diagnóstico definitivo. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com MNS, a qual foi submetida à biópsia da lesão em virtude de suspeita de tumor intramedular.

Management of degenerative cervical myelopathy - An update / Manejo da mielopatia cervical degeneratiiva - Uma atualização

SUMMARY Introduction Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in adult patients. Patients generally present with a slow, progressive neurological decline or a stepwise deterioration pattern. In this paper, we discuss the most important factors involved in the management of DCM, including a discussion about the surgical approaches. Method The authors performed an extensive review of the peer-reviewed literature addressing the aforementioned objectives. Results Although the diagnosis is clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the study of choice to confirm stenosis and also to exclude the differential diagnosis. The severity the clinical symptoms of DCM are evaluated by different scales, but the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) and the Nürick scale are probably the most commonly used. Spontaneous clinical improvement is rare and surgery is the main treatment form in an attempt to prevent further neurological deterioration and, potentially, to provide some improvement in symptoms and function. Anterior, posterior or combined cervical approaches are used to decompress the spinal cord, with adjunctive fusion being commonly performed. The choice of one approach over the other depends on patient characteristics (such as number of involved levels, site of compression, cervical alignment, previous surgeries, bone quality, presence of instability, among others) as well as surgeon preference and experience. Conclusion Spine surgeons must understand the advantages and disadvantages of all surgical techniques to choose the best procedure for their patients. Further comparative studies are necessary to establish the superiority of one approach over the other when multiple options are available.

RESUMO Introdução a mielopatia cervical degenerativa (MCD) é uma das causas mais comuns de disfunção medular em adultos. Os pacientes em geral apresentam declínio neurológico lento e progressivo, ou deterioração escalonada. No presente artigo, discutimos os mais importantes fatores envolvidos no manejo da MCD, incluindo considerações sobre os aspectos relacionados à escolha da abordagem cirúrgica. Método realizou-se extensa revisão da literatura de artigos peer-reviewed relacionados ao tema. Resultados embora o diagnóstico seja realizado clinicamente, a ressonância magnética (RM) é o estudo de imagem de escolha para confirmá-lo e excluir eventuais diagnósticos diferenciais. A gravidade do quadro clínico pode ser avaliado utilizando-se diferentes escalas, como a modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) ou a de Nürick, provavelmente as mais comuns. Uma vez que a melhora clínica espontânea é rara, a cirurgia é a principal forma de tratamento, em uma tentativa de evitar dano neurológico adicional ou deterioração e, potencialmente, aliviar alguns sintomas e melhorar a função dos pacientes. Abordagens cirúrgicas por via anterior, posterior ou combinada podem ser usadas para descomprimir o canal, concomitantemente a técnicas de fusão. A escolha da abordagem depende das características dos pacientes (número de segmentos envolvidos, local de compressão, alinhamento cervical, cirurgias prévias, qualidade óssea, presença de instabilidade, entre outras), além da preferência e experiência do cirurgião. Conclusão os cirurgiões de coluna devem compreender as vantagens e desvantagens de todas as técnicas cirúrgicas para escolher o melhor procedimento para seus pacientes. Estudos futuros comparando as abordagens são necessários para orientar o cirurgião quando múltiplas opções forem possíveis.

The value of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting postoperative recovery in patients with cervical spondylosis myelopathy: a meta-analysis

This meta-analysis was designed to elucidate whether preoperative signal intensity changes could predict the surgical outcomes of patients with cervical spondylosis myelopathy on the basis of T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging images. We searched the Medline database and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for this purpose and 10 studies meeting our inclusion criteria were identified. In total, 650 cervical spondylosis myelopathy patients with (+) or without (-) intramedullary signal changes on their T2-weighted images were examined. Weighted mean differences and 95g% confidence intervals were used to summarize the data. Patients with focal and faint border changes in the intramedullary signal on T2 magnetic resonance imaging had similar Japanese Orthopaedic Association recovery ratios as those with no signal changes on the magnetic resonance imaging images of the spinal cord did. The surgical outcomes were poorer in the patients with both T2 intramedullary signal changes, especially when the signal changes were multisegmental and had a well-defined border and T1 intramedullary signal changes compared with those without intramedullary signal changes. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging including T1 and T2 imaging can thus be used to predict postoperative recovery in cervical spondylosis myelopathy patients.

Artificial disc and vertebra system: a novel motion preservation device for cervical spinal disease after vertebral corpectomy

OBJECTIVE: To determine the range of motion and stability of the human cadaveric cervical spine after the implantation of a novel artificial disc and vertebra system by comparing an intact group and a fusion group. METHODS: Biomechanical tests were conducted on 18 human cadaveric cervical specimens. The range of motion and the stability index range of motion were measured to study the function and stability of the artificial disc and vertebra system of the intact group compared with the fusion group. RESULTS: In all cases, the artificial disc and vertebra system maintained intervertebral motion and reestablished vertebral height at the operative level. After its implantation, there was no significant difference in the range of motion (ROM) of C3-7 in all directions in the non-fusion group compared with the intact group (p>0.05), but significant differences were detected in flexion, extension and axial rotation compared with the fusion group (p<0.05). The ROM of adjacent segments (C3-4, C6-7) of the non-fusion group decreased significantly in some directions compared with the fusion group (p<0.05). Significant differences in the C4-6 ROM in some directions were detected between the non-fusion group and the intact group. In the fusion group, the C4-6 ROM in all directions decreased significantly compared with the intact and non-fusion groups (p<0.01). The stability index ROM (SI-ROM) of some directions was negative in the non-fusion group, and a significant difference in SI-ROM was only found in the C4-6 segment of the non-fusion group compared with the fusion group. CONCLUSION: An artificial disc and vertebra system could restore vertebral height and preserve the dynamic function of the surgical area and could theoretically reduce the risk of adjacent segment degeneration compared with the anterior fusion procedure. However, our results should be considered with caution because of the low power of the study. The use of a larger ...

Quality of life in symptomatic cervical myelopathy after open-door laminoplasty / Qualidade de vida na mielopatia cervical sintomática após uma laminoplastia open-door / Calidad de vida en mielopatía cervical sintomática después de una laminoplastia de puertas abiertas

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results obtained by open-door laminoplasty using the Newbridge(r)/Blackstone plate, in cases of myelopathy associated with cervical lordosis. METHODS: From December 2010 to October 2012, eight patients between the ages of 49 and 68 underwent open-door laminoplasty with the use of the Newbridge(r) fixation system for maintenance and stabilization of the cervical laminoplasty. Minimum follow-up was four months. For the evaluation of quality of life the questionnaire SF-36 was applied at the following times: preoperative, one month and three months after surgery associated with the subjective assessment of the patient regarding satisfaction with the procedure and with the Nurick neurological scale applied prior to surgery and three months later. RESULTS: According to the SF-36, there was significant improvement in the domains functional ability, general health perceptions and emotional aspects over time; regarding physical limitations and social aspects there was no improvement in the first postoperative month, only in the third month. There were no statistically significant changes observed during the period covered by this study related to pain, vitality and mental health. According to Nurick scale, there was evidence of improvement in symptoms of cervical myelopathy. Based on the subjective evaluation of the patients, surprisingly, all patients were satisfied with the surgical procedure and the results. CONCLUSION: The open-door laminoplasty technique with rigid fixation to maintain the opening is useful in improving the symptoms of cervical myelopathy associated with lordosis, leading to improved quality of life and with a high degree of patient satisfaction and fewer complications.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados obtidos pela laminoplastia open-door com o uso da placa Newbridge(r)/Blackstone, em casos de mielopatia com lordose cervical associada. MÉTODOS: Entre dezembro de 2010 e outubro de 2012, oito pacientes entre as idades de 49 e 68 foram submetidos a laminoplastia open-door com o uso do sistema de fixação Newbridge(r)para manutenção e estabilização da laminoplastia cervical. O seguimento mínimo foi de quatro meses. Para a avaliação da qualidade de vida, o questionário SF-36 foi aplicado nos seguintes tempos: pré-operatório, um e três meses após a cirurgia, associado à avaliação subjetiva do paciente quanto à satisfação com o procedimento e à escala neurológica de Nurick aplicadas antes da cirurgia e três meses depois. RESULTADOS: De acordo com o SF-36, houve melhora significativa nos domínios capacidade funcional, estado geral de saúde e aspectos emocionais ao longo do tempo; com relação às limitações físicas e aos aspectos sociais, não houve melhora no primeiro mês pós-operatório, apenas no terceiro mês. Não foram observadas alterações estatisticamente significantes, durante o período abrangido por este estudo de dor, vitalidade e saúde mental. De acordo com a escala de Nurick, houve evidências de melhoria nos sintomas da mielopatia cervical. Com base na avaliação subjetiva dos pacientes, surpreendentemente, todos os pacientes ficaram satisfeitos com o procedimento cirúrgico e com os resultados. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica de laminoplastia open-door com fixação rígida para manter a abertura é útil para melhorar os sintomas de mielopatia cervical com lordose associada, levando à melhora da qualidade de vida, com alto grau de satisfação dos pacientes e poucas complicações.

OBJETIVO: Analizar los resultados obtenidos por laminoplastia de puertas abiertas utilizando la placa Newbridge(r)/Blackstone, en casos de mielopatía con lordosis cervical asociada. MÉTODOS: Entre diciembre de 2010 y octubre de 2012, ocho pacientes con edades de 49 a 68 años se sometieron a laminoplastia de puertas abiertas mediante el sistema de fijación Newbridge(r) para el mantenimiento y la estabilización de la laminoplastia cervical. El seguimiento mínimo fue de cuatro meses. Para la evaluación de la calidad de vida, el cuestionario SF-36 se aplicó en los siguientes tiempos: preoperatorio, un mes y tres meses después de la cirugía, asociado con la evaluación subjetiva del paciente con respecto a la satisfacción con el procedimiento y la escala neurológica Nurick aplicada antes de la cirugía y tres meses más tarde. RESULTADOS: De acuerdo con el SF-36, hubo una mejora significativa en las áreas de función física, salud general y los aspectos emocionales a través del tiempo; con respecto a las limitaciones físicas y aspectos sociales, no hubo mejoría en el primer mes postoperatorio, sólo en el tercer mes. Estadísticamente no se observaron cambios significativos durante el período cubierto por este estudio en las áreas de dolor, vitalidad y salud mental. De acuerdo con la escala Nurick, hubo evidencia de mejoría en los síntomas de mielopatía cervical. Con base en la evaluación subjetiva de los pacientes, de forma sorprendente, todos los pacientes se mostraron satisfechos con el procedimiento quirúrgico y los resultados. CONCLUSIÓN: La técnica de laminoplastia de puertas abiertas con fijación rígida para mantener la apertura es útil en la mejora de los síntomas de la mielopatía cervical asociado con lordosis, dando lugar a una mejor calidad de vida con un alto grado de satisfacción del paciente y menos complicaciones.

Modified Open-Door Laminoplasty Using a Ceramic Spacer and Suture Fixation for Cervical Myelopathy

PURPOSE: To introduce a new simple technique using suture anchors and ceramic spacers to stabilize the elevated laminae in open-door cervical laminoplasty. Although ceramic spacers were placed in the opened laminae and fixed with nylon threads in this series, it was occasionally difficult to fix the nylon threads to the lateral mass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study 1: A preliminary study was conducted using a suture anchor system. Sixteen consecutive patients who underwent surgery for cervical myelopathy were prospectively examined. Study 2: The second study was performed prospectively to evaluate the feasibility of this new technique based on the result of the preliminary study. Clinical outcomes were examined in 45 consecutive patients [cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM)] and 43 consecutive patients (OPLL). The Japanese Orthopedic Association scoring system (JOA score), axial neck pain, and radiological findings were analyzed. RESULTS: 1) In one case, re-operation was necessary due to dislodgement of the ceramic spacer following rupture of the thread. 2) In all patients, postoperative CT scans showed that the anchors were securely inserted into the bone. In the CSM group, the average JOA score improved from 9.5 points preoperatively to 13.3 at follow-up (recovery 51%). In the OPLL group, the average JOA score improved from 10.1 (5-14) points preoperatively to 14.4 (11-16) at follow-up (recovery 62%). There were no serious complications. CONCLUSION: The use of the suture anchor system made it unnecessary to create a hole in the lateral mass and enabled reliable and faster fixation of the HA spacers in open-door laminoplasty.

A new expansive two-open-doors laminoplasty for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: technical report and follow-up results / Nova tecnica de laminoplastia expansiva para tratamento de mielopatia espondilotica cervical: descricao tecnica e resultados de follow-up

The laminoplasty technique was devised by Hirabayashi in 1978 for patients diagnosed with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Objective: To describe an easy modification of Hirabayashi’s method and present the clinical and radiological results from a five-year follow-up study. Method and Results: Eighty patients had 5 levels of decompression (C3-C7), 3 patients had 6 levels of decompression (C2-T1) and 3 patients had 4 levels of decompression (C3-C6). Foraminotomies were performed in 23 cases (27%). Following Nurick`s scale, 76 patients (88%) improved, 9 (11%) had the same Nurick grade, and one patient worsened and was advised to undergo another surgical procedure. No deaths were observed. The mean surgery time was 122 min. Radiographic evaluation showed an increase in the mean sagittal diameter from 11.2 mm at pretreatment to 17.3 mm post surgery. There was no significant difference between pretreatment and post-surgery C2-C7 angles. Conclusions: This two-open-doors laminoplasty technique is safe, easy and effective and can be used as an alternative treatment for cases of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy without instability. .

A laminoplastia é técnica clássica descrita por Hirabayashi em 1978 para descompressão do canal cervical sem utilizar prótese. A principal indicação é o tratamento da mielopatia espondilotica cervical sem instabilidade. Objetivo: Descrever modificação simples da técnica de laminoplastia clássica de Hirabayashi com resultados clínicos e radiográficos em 5 anos de acompanhamento. Resultados e Método: Foram acompanhados 86 pacientes. Em 80, foi feita descompressão por laminoplastia em 5 níveis (C3-C7); em 3, descompressão em 6 níveis (C2-T1); em 3, descompressao em 4 níveis (C3-C6). Em 23 casos (27%), foi realizada foraminotomia associada a descompressão medular. O acompanhamento dos pacientes foi feito utilizando a escala de Nurick. Em 76 pacientes (88%) houve melhora do grau de Nurick. Não houve mortalidade associada à técnica. O tempo médio do procedimento cirúrgico foi de 122 minutos. Em relação à avaliação radiográfica, houve aumento do diâmetro sagital médio do canal cervical de 11,2mm para 17,3mm. Não houve diferença estatística do ângulo C2-C7 nas avaliações antes e após o procedimento cirúrgico. Conclusão: A nova técnica de laminoplastia descrita no presente estudo foi segura, de fácil execução, efetiva, não utiliza protese e não há instabilidade do canal cervical. .

Avaliação clínica da descompressão medular anterior em portadores de mielopatia cervical / Clinical evaluation of anterior spinal cord decompression in cervical myelopathy

Avaliação clínica neurológica pré e pós-operatória de pacientes portadores de mielopatia cervical submetidos à descompressão medular por via anterior. Métodos: Utilização das escalas de Nurick e de JOA (Japanese Orthopaedic Association), adaptadas para a população brasileira, no período pré e pós-operatório, como método de mensuração do grau de comprometimento neurológico, aplicando-se o teste t de Student e o teste de Wilcoxon, com significância p < 0,05. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 30 pacientes. A média do JOA no pré-operatório foi de 9,5 (DP = 2,8) e no pós-operatório, de 13,5 (DP = 3,0). O valor médio de Nurick foi de 3,7 (DP = 1,2) e 2,1 (DP = 1,2) no pré e pós-operatório, respectivamente. Conclusão: A descompressão medular via anterior melhorou em cerca de 40% o quadro neurológico inicial, portanto pode ser considerada uma real opção de tratamento para pacientes portadores de mielopatia cervical.

Clinical neurological evaluation of preoperative and postoperative patients with cervical myelopathy who underwent anterior spinal decompression through. Methods: Use scales of Nurick and JOA (Japanese Orthopaedic Association), adapted for the Brazilian population, in the pre and postsurgery as a method of measuring the degree of neurological impairment by applying the Student t and Wilcoxon test with significance p < 0,05. Results: The study included 30 patients. The mean preoperativeJOA was 9,5 (SD = 2,8) and postoperative 13,5 (SD = 3,0). The average Nurick was 3,7 (SD = 1,2) and 2,1 (SD = 1,2) before and after surgery respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that the anterior spinal decompression improved by about 40% early neurological status, therefore can be considered a real treatment option for patients with myelopathy.

Efficacy of PEEK Cages and Plate Augmentation in Three-Level Anterior Cervical Fusion of Elderly Patients

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of three-level anterior cervical arthrodesis with polyethyletherketone (PEEK) cages and plate fixation for aged and osteoporotic patients with degenerative cervical spinal disorders. METHODS: Twenty one patients, who had undergone three-level anterior cervical arthrodesis with a cage and plate construct for degenerative cervical spinal disorder from November 2001 to April 2007 and were followed up for at least two years, were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 71.7 years and the mean T-score using the bone mineral density was -2.8 SD. The fusion rate, change in cervical lordosis, adjacent segment degeneration were analyzed by plain radiographs and computed tomography, and the complications were assessed by the medical records. The clinical outcomes were analyzed using the SF-36 physical composite score (PCS) and neck disability index (NDI). RESULTS: Radiological fusion was observed at a mean of 12.3 weeks (range, 10 to 15 weeks) after surgery. The average angle of cervical lordosis was 5degrees preoperatively, 17.6degrees postoperatively and 16.5degrees at the last follow-up. Degenerative changes in the adjacent segments occurred in 3 patients (14.3%), but revision surgery was unnecessary. In terms of instrument-related complications, there was cage subsidence in 5 patients (23.8%) with an average of 2.8 mm, and loosening of the plate and screw occurred in 3 patients (14.3%) but there were no clinical problems. The SF-36 PCS before surgery, second postoperative week and at the last follow-up was 29.5, 43.1, and 66.2, respectively. The respective NDI was 55.3, 24.6, and 15.9. CONCLUSIONS: For aged and osteoporotic patients with degenerative cervical spinal disorders, three-level anterior cervical arthrodesis with PEEK cages and plate fixation reduced the pseudarthrosis and adjacent segment degeneration and improved the clinical outcomes. This method is considered to be a relatively safe and effective treatment modality.

Subsidence and Nonunion after Anterior Cervical Interbody Fusion Using a Stand-Alone Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Cage

BACKGROUND: The purposes of the present study are to evaluate the subsidence and nonunion that occurred after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion using a stand-alone intervertebral cage and to analyze the risk factors for the complications. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients (47 segments) who underwent anterior cervical fusion using a stand-alone polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage and an autologous cancellous iliac bone graft from June 2003 to August 2008 were enrolled in this study. The anterior and posterior segmental heights and the distance from the anterior edge of the upper vertebra to the anterior margin of the cage were measured on the plain radiographs. Subsidence was defined as > or = a 2 mm (minor) or 3 mm (major) decrease of the segmental height at the final follow-up compared to that measured at the immediate postoperative period. Nonunion was evaluated according to the instability being > or = 2 mm in the interspinous distance on the flexion-extension lateral radiographs. RESULTS: The anterior and posterior segmental heights decreased from the immediate postoperative period to the final follow-up at 1.33 +/- 1.46 mm and 0.81 +/- 1.27 mm, respectively. Subsidence > or = 2 mm and 3 mm were observed in 12 segments (25.5%) and 7 segments (14.9%), respectively. Among the expected risk factors for subsidence, a smaller anteroposterior (AP) diameter (14 mm vs. 12 mm) of cages (p = 0.034; odds ratio [OR], 0.017) and larger intraoperative distraction (p = 0.041; OR, 3.988) had a significantly higher risk of subsidence. Intervertebral nonunion was observed in 7 segments (7/47, 14.9%). Compared with the union group, the nonunion group had a significantly higher ratio of two-level fusion to one-level fusions (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Anterior cervical fusion using a stand-alone cage with a large AP diameter while preventing anterior intraoperative over-distraction will be helpful to prevent the subsidence of cages. Two-level cervical fusion might require more careful attention for avoiding nonunion.

Herniación medular transdural idiopática: informe de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Idiopathic transdural spinal cord herniation: report of two cases and literature review

Introducción: La herniación medular transdural idiopática es una entidad rara cuyas formas son la postraumática y posquirúrgica; es omitida en la valoración preoperatoria y con frecuencia afecta al segmento torácico. Clínicamente puede causar mielopatía progresiva o síndrome de Brown-Séquard, cuyo diagnóstico se establece por resonancia magnética. La finalidad de informar esta entidad es su dificultad diagnóstica y, por lo tanto, para establecer un manejo óptimo. Casos clínicos: Dos pacientes mal diagnosticados al inicio e intervenidos en otros segmentos del raquis. Finalmente fueron valorados por sospecha clínica de herniación medular transdural idiopática y por exclusión de otras patologías. Se les realizó laminectomía en los niveles afectados, reducción de la hernia medular y colocación de parche sintético en duramadre. Conclusiones: La herniación medular transdural idiopática se ha atribuido a debilidad congénita de la duramadre o duplicación dural ventral con herniación a través de la capa interna debido a la presión continua del líquido cefalorraquídeo que empuja la médula fuera del espacio subdural. Se estima que el diagnóstico preoperatorio se realiza en una tercera parte de los casos, confirmándose con resonancia magnética. El tratamiento quirúrgico se efectúa en pacientes con progresión de los síntomas; los pacientes cuyos síntomas son leves o ausentes se mantienen bajo monitoreo. El tratamiento oportuno puede permitir la recuperación del déficit neurológico, mejorando la afección motora en 80% y la afección sensitiva en 35%.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic transdural spinal cord herniation (ISCH) is a rare entity with postsurgical and post-trauma forms. ISCH is often omited in the preoperative evaluation. It often affects the thoracic segment and presents clinically as a rare cause of progressive myelopathy or Brown-Séquard syndrome, whose diagnosis is established by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We report on this rare entity due to its difficult diagnosis, making optimal management difficult. CLINICAL CASE: We present the cases of two patients with ISCH who were misdiagnosed and operated on in other spinal segments without reaching an accurate diagnosis. In our institution, patients with clinical suspicion were evaluated by imaging studies in order to rule out other pathologies. Laminectomy was performed on the involved levels, reducing herniation and with the placement of a synthetic spinal patch to the duramater. CONCLUSIONS: ISCH has been attributed to congenital weakness of the duramater or the dural ventral duplication with herniation through the inner layer due to continuous pressure from cerebrospinal fluid that pushes the marrow out of the subdural space. It is estimated that presurgical diagnosis is done only in one third of the cases, confirmed by MRI. Surgery is performed on patients with symptom progression. Surveillance in those patients with mild symptoms is recommended. Treatment may allow recovery of the neurological deficit, improving motor affection in 80% of patients and sensory affection in 35%.

Longitud de las raíces cervicales en resonancia magnética: relación con la parálisis postoperatoria de la quinta raíz cervical / Medida do comprimento das raízes cervicais pela ressonância magnética: relação com a paralisia pós-operatória e a quinta raiz cervical / Cervical nerve root length in magnetic resonance imaging: its relationship with postoperative fifth root palsy

OBJETIVO: determinar la longitud de la raíz C5. MÉTODOS: se estudiaron con resonancia magnética (Signa 1,5 T, cortes axiales de 5 mm de espesura, TR=850, TE=26, FOV=200) las columnas cervicales de 50 pacientes (29 hombres - 21 mujeres) entre 26 y 68 años. Se incluyeron solo casos con cervicalgia y/o cervicobraquialgia. Se midió (en mm) la longitud de las raíces cervicales tercera a séptima, derechas e izquierdas. La comparación de los promedios se realizó a través del análisis de varianza, para un nivel de significación α=0,05 con IC de 95 por ciento. Las comparaciones post-hoc se hicieron empleando el test de Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: se observó que el lado (derecho o izquierdo) y el sexo (varón o mujer) no tuvieron incidencia estadísticamente significativa en el valor de la longitud de las raíces (p>0,05). La raíz C5 tuvo un tamaño significativamente diferente (p<0,05) a cada una de las raíces, pero se comprobó que la raíz más corta era C3. CONCLUSIÓN: la raíz C5 no es la más corta.

OBJETIVO: determinar o comprimento da raiz C5. MÉTODOS: as colunas cervicais de 50 pacientes (29 homens - 21 mulheres), com idades entre 26 e 68 anos foram analisadas com ressonância magnética (Signa 1,5 T, cortes axiais de 5 mm de espessura, TR=850, TE=26, FOV=200). Foram incluídos casos com dor cervical e/ou cervicobraquial. O comprimento das raízes C3 a C7, à direita e esquerda, foi medido. A comparação das médias foi realizada com uma análise de variância para um nível de significação α = 0,05 com IC de 95 por cento. As comparações post-hoc foram feitas com o teste de Bonferroni. RESULTADOS: foi observado que o lado (direito ou esquerdo) e o sexo (homem ou mulher) não tiveram incidência estatística significante em relação ao valor do comprimento das raízes. A raiz C5 evidenciou um tamanho significativamente diferente (p<0,05) do resto das raízes analisadas, mais comprovou-se que aquela mais curta foi C3. CONCLUSÃO: a raiz C5 não é a mais curta.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the length of the C5 root. METHODS: the cervical spines of 50 patients (29 male and 21 female), between 26 and 68 years old, were studied with magnetic resonance imaging (Signa 1.5 T, axial images with 5 mm thickness, TR=850, TE=26, FOV=200). Only patients with cervical and/or arm pain were included. We measured (mm) the length of the right and left, third to seventh cervical roots. A comparison of the average lengths was made with the variance analysis for α=0.05 significance level and a 95 percent CI. Post-hoc comparisons were made with the Bonferroni test. RESULTS: it was noted that the side (right or left) and gender (male or female) had no influence on the roots' length differences (p>0.05). The C5 root had a length significantly different (p<0.05) from the others, but the shorter was C3. CONCLUSION: C5 root is not the shortest.

Evaluation of arthrodesis and cervical alignment in the surgical results of cervical discectomy using polymethylmetacrylate / Avaliação da artrodese e do alinhamento cervical após discectomia cervical com interposição de polimetilmetacrilato

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Surgical treatment of cervical radiculopathy with or without myelopathy is a controversy issue, although anterior discectomy is the most common form of treatment. METHOD: We present the evaluation of the arthrodesis' rate and cervical alignment in 48 patients with cervical degenerative disease (CDD) submitted to anterior cervical discectomy with interposition of polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA). Odom and Nürick scales were used to evaluation of functional status before and after surgery. Cervical spine X-rays were used to access arthrodesis and alignment, at least 2 years after the procedure. RESULTS: Excellent and good results (Odom I and II) were obtained in 91 percent of the patients with radiculopathy and in 69 percent of those with myelopathy. Using the chi square test of independence (1 percent of significance), there was no association between excellent and good clinical results with the presence of arthrodesis verified in cervical X-rays. The presence of cervical alignment had association with good results, whereas the misalignment was associated with unfavorable outcomes. Two patients died: one cervical hematoma and other from graft migration with cord compression. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical alignment was more important than fusion to achieve good surgical results in CDD.

TEMA E OBJETIVO: O tratamento cirúrgico da radiculopatia cervical com ou sem mielopatia é um tema controverso, embora a discectomia por via anterior seja uma das formas mais comuns de tratamento. MÉTODO: Apresentamos a avaliação da artrodese cervical e do alinhamento pós operatório em 48 pacientes com doença degenerativa cervical (DDC) submetidos a discectomia por via anterior seguida da interposição de polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA). As escalas de Odom e de Nurick foram utilizadas para avaliar o status funcional dos pacientes antes e após a cirurgia. Radiografias da coluna cervical foram utilizadas para avaliar a artrodese e o alinhamento cervical, pelo menos 2 anos após o procedimento. RESULTADOS: Excelentes e bons resultados (Odom I e II) foram obtidos em 91 por cento dos casos com radiculopatia e em 69 por cento dos pacientes com mielopatia. Usando o teste do qui-quadrado de independência (1 por cento de significância), não houve associação entre os resultados excelentes e bons e a presença de artrodese. A presença de alinhamento cervical, ao contrário, correlacionou-se com bons resultados. Dois pacientes faleceram devido a hematoma cervical e migração do enxerto. CONCLUSÃO: O alinhamento cervical correlacionou-se com bons resultados cirúrgicos em nossos pacientes, enquanto que a taxa de artrodese não teve relação com o resultado clínico dos pacientes.

Carbon fibre cage vs. autograft for anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion: graft morbidity and clinical outcome

We performed a study to evaluate and compare the clinical outcome following anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion [ACDF] with either carbon fibre cage [CFC] implant or iliac crest autograft for cervical spondylotic patients. A retrospective review of 66 consecutive patients [30 in the autograft group and 36 in the CFC group] who underwent ACDF for cervical spondylotic radiculopathy, myelopathy, or both at one or two levels over a 4 year period from 1999-2002. We evaluated clinical outcome including symptomatic relief, operative morbidity and length of stay in each group. Postal questionnaires were sent to all patients to assess their clinical outcome [one year minimum follow-up] Neck Disability Index [NDI] was slightly better in the CFC group [man: 16.42, SD: 10.24] compared to autograft group [mean: 19.9, SD: 14], the difference was statistically insignificant [p>0.2]. Patient's self-rating of overall functions in the CFC group were better in 73% of patients, same in 21% and worse in 6% compared to better in 55%, same in 27%, and worse in 18% in the autograft group [p>0.2]. Arm pain rating were better in 70%, same in 24%, and worse in 6% [CFC group] compared to better in 59%,s ame in 26%, and worse in 14% [autograft group] [p>0.2]. There was a significant rate of long-term donor site pain in the autograft group [mild pain at the time of answering in 54.5% of patients]. There was one graft-related complication in each group. In the radiculopathic patients [19 autograft, 20 CFC] the difference in length of stay was significant [autograft; mean 4.1, median 4 vs. CFC; mean 3.75 median 3] [p=0.050]. Autograft and CFC implants for anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion are both safe and effective. No significant differences were found in the long-term clinical outcomes. The use of CFC implant however, can avoid donor site pain and achieve a shorter hospital stay

less invasive posterior technique for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy

Posterior cervical foraminotomy allows decompression of the nerve root with preservation of the motion. Conventional posterior approaches have the disadvantage of detaching the extensor cervical muscles from the laminae and the spinous processes. The aim of this work is to present a new minimally invasive posterior approach avoiding detachment of muscles for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy. Twenty-five patients suffering from cervical radiculopathy [12 patients] and myelopathy [13 patients] were operated according to this technique. In principle, this technique secures access to the diseased spinal segment via a percutaneously placed working channel [11 mm outer diameter and 9 mm inner diameter]. The cervical paraspinal muscles are not deflected, but just spread between their fibres by special dilators. All further steps are performed through this channel under control of 3-dimensional vision through the operating microscope. The average follow up period was 15 months, and patients were evaluated using a modified version of Oswestry Index, called the Neck Disability Index [NDI] and the Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] for neck and arm pain. The mean NDI [P< 0.0001] improved from 38.89 [pre-operative] to 9.43 [post-operative]. The VAS for arm pain [P<0.001] and for neck pain [P<0.001] showed also marked post-operative improvement. Complete recovery of the pre-operative neurological deficit was found in 7 patients while the remaining 18 patients showed improvement of the neurological symptoms during the follow up period. There were no intra-operative or post-operative complications and no re-operation. The preliminary experience with this technique seems to promise, that this less invasive technique is a valid alternative to the conventional open exposure for treatment of lateral disc prolapses, foraminal bony stenosis and central posterior ligamentous stenosis of the cervical spine